Last modified: 2007-12-29 by rob raeside
Keywords: senegal | book of all kingdoms | tocoron | buda | guinoa |
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![[Flag of Tocoron]](../images/s/sn-h14f.gif)
image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 30 November 2007
The 68th flag mentioned and illustrated in the
Book of All Kingdoms is attributed
to Tocoron, a city-state across the Sahara from Sijilmasa. This as depicted in
the
2005 Spanish illustrated transcription, a white
flag with black mountain outline, with seven trees (?), in the ogival default
shape of this source. The anonymous author of
Book of All Kingdoms describes the
flag thus: "E el rey d’esta Tocoron á por seńales un pendón blanco e en medio un
monte prieto, commo el rey de Guinoa." (And the king of this Torocon has for
device a white pendon and on its middle a black hill, just as the king of
Guinea.)
António Martins-Tuválkin, 30 November 2007
The Halkyut Society edition refers to Tocoron as being Tammergrut on the
banks of the Draa river. Could this be Tamegroute in Morocco?
Phil Nelson, 30 November 2007
![[Flag of Buda]](../images/s/sn-j14f.gif)
image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 30 November 2007
The 68th flag mentioned and illustrated in the
Book of All Kingdoms is attributed
to Buda, a city-state in the Sahel. This as depicted in the
2005 Spanish illustrated transcription, a white
flag with a red crescent (with black lining visible) pointing to the hoist but
not in the ogival default shape of this source: the flag is quadrangular
with eight round shallow scallops on the fly edge, and shows a black line where
the said ogival shape would be in other flags. The anonymous author of
Book of All Kingdoms describes the
flag thus: "E sus seńales son un pendón blanco con una luna bermeja tal como
esta." (And its device is a white pendon with a red moon like this one.)
António Martins-Tuválkin, 30 November 2007
The only thing I can find is a reference in the
Halkyut Society edition of
Buda being an oasis south of the Atlas.
Phil Nelson, 30 November 2007
![[Flag of Guinoa]](../images/s/sn-k14f.gif)
image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 30 November 2007
The 70th flag mentioned and illustrated in the
Book of All Kingdoms is attributed
to Guinoa - Guinea, but not matching the current countries of the same name. This
is, as depicted in the
2005 Spanish illustrated transcription, a
yellow flag with black mountain outline, with seven trees (?), in the ogival
default shape of this source. The anonymous author of
Book of All Kingdoms describes the
flag thus: "El rey d’esta Guinoa ha por seńales un pendón de oro e en medio un
monte prieto." (The
king of this Guinea has for device a golden pendon and on its middle a black
hill.)
António Martins-Tuválkin, 30 November 2007
The Halkyut Society edition attributes this Guinea to Senegal.
Phil Nelson, 30 November 2007
And as a further clarification, the 1912 attribution of Senegal probably
refers more to present day Mali, then the French colony of Upper Senegal and
Niger, rather than to modern-day Senegal. "Guinea" to medieval Europeans meant
what is now usually called "the Empire of Ghana" -not located in present Ghana,
nor much of Guinea, but mostly in what is now Mali, extending a bit into modern
Mauretania, Senegal, and Guinea. For maps of the Empire of Ghana see
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Ghana_empire_map.png and
http://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/hd/ghan/hd_ghan.htm#. For a map of 1912 Upper
Senegal & Niger see
http://www.terra.es/personal7/jqvaraderey/191206af.gif.
Ned Smith, 30 November 2007
![[Flag of Organa]](../images/s/sn-og14f.gif)
image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 1 December 2007
The 70th flag mentioned and illustrated in the
Book of All Kingdoms is attributed
to Organa, which the notes of the Halkyut edition
locate in current northern Senegal. This
is, as depicted in the 2005 Spanish illustrated transcription, a white
flag with a green palm issuant from the bottom between two yellow upright keys
pointing downwards, the flag in the ogival default shape of this source.
According to the Halkyut edition (which shows a
more detailed depiction), this image comes from manuscript "S". The anonymous author of
Book of All Kingdoms describes the
flag thus: "E el rey d’esta Organa ha por seńales un pendón blanco con una palma
verde e dos llaves d’esta manera." (The King of Organa has for his device a
white flag with a green palm tree and two keys, as translated in the
Halkyut Society edition.
António Martins-Tuválkin, 1 December 2007
